Disk forensics methodology is the systematic process of acquiring, preserving, and analyzing data stored on persistent storage media including hard drives, SSDs, USB devices, and cloud storage volumes. The methodology encompasses bit-for-bit imaging of storage media, file system analysis, timeline reconstruction, artifact extraction, and evidence correlation. Disk forensics remains fundamental to incident response and legal investigations, providing the authoritative record of file operations, user activity, and system changes over time.
The methodology follows a structured process. Acquisition creates a forensic image of the storage media using write-blocking hardware or software to prevent any modification to the original. Tools like FTK Imager, dd, and Guymager produce bit-for-bit copies with cryptographic hash verification. Analysis begins with file system examination, recovering both active files and deleted content from unallocated space. Timeline analysis correlates file system timestamps (MACB: Modified, Accessed, Changed, Born) with event logs, registry entries, and application artifacts to reconstruct the sequence of events. Artifact analysis extracts evidence from specific locations: browser history, email stores, application databases, prefetch files, jump lists, and shellbags. Data carving recovers files from raw disk sectors independent of the file system.
Disk forensics provides the historical record that memory forensics cannot: the full timeline of attacker activity from initial compromise through data exfiltration. Deleted files, cleared logs, and anti-forensic techniques can often be overcome through analysis of unallocated space, volume shadow copies, and file system journal entries. Disk forensics evidence is well-understood by courts and investigators, with established legal precedent for its admissibility. It provides the foundation for incident scoping, damage assessment, and regulatory notification decisions.
CDA's TID domain includes disk forensics missions across C-BUILD through C-DRILL campaigns. Our methodology follows NIST SP 800-86 and is designed to produce evidence packages that meet legal admissibility standards. CDA operators are trained on both Windows and Linux forensics, with specialized missions for cloud storage forensics. The CDA Locker provides secure storage for forensic images with chain of custody documentation.